A Treatise on Painting — A Closer Reading

The Body in Motion: Contrast and Counterpoise

Leonardo insists that a single figure should not repeat the same motion in its members. A running figure, he writes, must not throw both hands forward; instead, one arm goes forward and the other backward, because without such contraste of parts it is impossible to run well. This principle extends to groups: in a battle scene, where there are only three ways of striking—thrusting, cutting, or back-handed—the painter must vary the views so that some figures turn their backs, others their sides, and others face the front. The goal is to avoid monotony and to generate what Leonardo calls “complex motion,” such as a figure showing the front of the legs while simultaneously presenting the profile of the shoulder. Such complexity, he argues, displays great art and gives spirit and animation to the whole.

Learning from Nature, Not from Memory Alone

Leonardo advises the painter to observe men’s motions and actions as they occur during sudden accidents, sketching on the spot rather than later asking a model to counterfeit an emotion without cause. An expression of weeping produced artificially, he warns, will be “neither quick nor natural.” The proper method is to watch real events, then use a model in the same attitude to help the recollection. This emphasis on direct observation recurs throughout the excerpts: the student is told to draw from casts or nature, to study in the dark on first waking, and to remember a face after seeing it only once. The painter’s memory is a tool, but it must be fed by constant, attentive looking at the world.

The Storm as a Test of Compositional Skill

Leonardo’s instructions for representing a storm reveal how he translates natural phenomena into pictorial terms. The painter must consider the wind’s effects: clouds straggling and broken, dust raised from sandy shores, branches and leaves carried along by the violence. The storm is not merely a backdrop but a dynamic force that rearranges the entire scene. Leonardo’s method is analytical—he breaks the storm into its visible components (clouds, dust, vegetation) and prescribes how each should be depicted to convey the wind’s direction and force. This approach mirrors his broader teaching: every element in a picture must serve the overall motion and narrative, whether it is a human figure in combat or a tree bending in a gale.

Readers approaching this treatise should expect a fragmented but richly detailed manual, one that rewards slow reading and cross-reference between chapters. Leonardo’s advice is often concrete—how to proportion a child versus an adult, how to draw from reliefs—but it is underpinned by a consistent philosophy: painting is a science of observation and motion. The 1802 edition’s apparatus, including Hawkins’s biography and Rigaud’s translation, frames Leonardo as both artist and natural philosopher. For those interested in the practical craft of Renaissance painting, this text offers direct insight into the working methods of one of its greatest practitioners.